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American Revolution
Overview: The documentary and the movie theAmerican Revolution depict the issues concerning the American Revolution. Themovie uses actors to relate them to the actual events of the American Revolution. The director of the movie is Lisa Bourgoujian and the writer is Don Cambou. Themovie was released in November 1994. It is within the history genre,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and itgives the chronology of the rebellion of the thirteen American colonies againstthe Great Britain and thepeople involved with the creation of the United States of America like johnAdams and Benjamin Franklin. The movie uses actors like CharlesDurning to represent Benjamin Franklin and Michael learned to represent AbigailAdams. Within the same cast cliffRobertson represents George Washington and David Warner represents king George3. The movie revolves around thecircumstances leading to the American Revolution and in addition it analysesthe events after the start to the end of the revolutionary war. INTRODUCTION: The American Revolutionor the American war for independence was a war that was fought not only withinthe thirteen colonies territory but also abroad. This war was mainly betweenthe American colonies and their British colonialists. This war was precursoryto American independence. Before this war, there were some other wars theimperial wars, which gave the American natives some experience on how to wagethis war. In analyzing this paper,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], I will first look at the nature andcharacter of these wars and then I will later on look at the specific causes ofthe American Revolution. INTERNATIONALCHARACTER OF THE IMPERIAL WARS: Imperial wars werewars that were mainly fought by European powers in Europealthough all of them always trickled down into the North American continentwhere a fight for domination of the continent was going on between Europeanpowers. King Williams? s war was the first series of the French and Indian warsin North American territories between Franceand Englandwith the help of some coalition countries. This war was fought between1689-1697. after Britainfailed to win the war soon the Queen Anne? s war broke out in 1702 up to 1713for the control of the North American colonies. This war was the counterpart ofthe war of Spanish succession that was being fought in Europe. The third imperialwar in the American colonies was the king George? s war that was fought betweenthe year's1740-1748. It was part of the war of Austrian succession. This warwas as an extension of the war of Jenkins ear. This war was later to lead to theseven years war in Europe after many more powers were to join the war in eitherthe side of France or Britain. Early in the 18th century, the American colonies were colonized orinhabited by the Native Americans. Within this period, Frenchmen from Canadaand Britons from the British colonies traversed through these lands in their day-to-dayeconomic activities. As populations increased within the colonies and as theybecame more prosperous, British citizens began to look for more fertile landsto relocate to as well as for economic growth. This encroachment by the Britishangered the French who started to set up forts in order to defend themselves. The Britons also started to set up their own forts. In 1750 attemptswere made to solve the territorial disputes, but to no avail. In 1752 theFrench tried to force the British out of Ohioand this led to the outbreak of the French and Indian war. War continued overthe next year but it was not until 1756 that war between England and France was officially declared. TheFrench and Indian war was the North American nine-year chapter of the sevenyears war that was mostly fought in Europe. The seven-year war (1756-1763) wasone of the most intense and it led to the signing of the treaty of Paris that ended an imperial struggle between Spain, Englandand France. In addition, these wars extensively involved mass displacement of persons andwere used as the bases for colonial expansion. They led to the demarcation ofEurope especially after the treaty of Westphaliawas signed in 1658 that officially marked the existence of the modern state. The imperial wars also led to the division of the Americas into different spheres ofinfluence each managed by a different European state. THEIMPACT OF THE IMPERIAL WARS ON THE AMERICAN COLONIES: During the periodof the imperial wars native American Indians were heavily involved in thefighting on both sides of the war. While they were fighting in these wars thenatives gained many strategies of waging war. This made them gain some experiencethat was to be greatly essential in the war for American independence against Britain. The imperial wars especially the seven-yearwar led to the defeat of Franceby Britain in the Plains ofAbraham and by 1760 Britainhad captured all of New France. This led toincreased control by Britain of American territories especially the part thatis nowadays [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]. The defeat of France led toan increased sense of security on the part of the American colonies. inaddition this offered Britainmore opportunities for practicing commerce. IMPORTANTFACTORS THAT ENABLED THE AMERICAN COLONIES TO DEFEAT THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND GAIN THEIR FREEDOM: The American warof independence or the American Revolution marked the beginning of the Americanindependence. The thirteen colonies that were later to become the United States of Americastarted to rebel against British domination in 1763. This was especially afterthe military threat posed to the colonies by France ended. The introduction ofhigher taxes led to increased riots that started in Boston and in 1775 the colonies had mobilizeda militia to fight the British combat troops. In 1776 representatives of thethirteen colonies unanimously voted to adopt the declaration of independencethat formed the United States of America. In 1778 theAmericans formed an alliance with France. This alliance strengthenedthe American militias especially their naval strength, this led to thecapturing of two British armies at Saratoga and Yorktown. This greatly reduced British power given thefact that American patriots already controlled over 70 percent of the mainland. Despite the French factor the Americans were all united against Britishdomination especially after the increasing of local taxes. Although there weredifferent factions they all had a common enemy that was the British. War wasfinally ended with the signing of the Paristreaty that effectively ended British domination. All land east of the Mississippi and south ofthe great lakes was declared American land. In addition the experience gainedduring the four chapters of the French and Indian wars were greatlyinstrumental in fighting the British. THE BOSTON MASSACRE: The Bostonmassacre was a situation in 1770 that was the main cause for sparking therevolutions violence. Prior to the Bostonmassacre, no bloodshed had been experienced although tensions were still very high. This massacre led to the death of five American civilians. These civilians hadbeen killed by British troops. The legal outcome of this massacre is whatinitially led to the escalation of the violence and the spread of anti-Britishsentiments to all the thirteen colonies. The massacre arose after a riotingcrowd attacked British military personnel only for the soldiers to react withmuskets to quell the violence. THESTAMP ACT: The stamp act of1765 was the fourth successive stamp act to be passed by the British parliamenton the American colonies. This law required that all newspapers,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], pamphlets, permits, commercial contracts, and any other legal document as well as playingcards carry a tax stamp. The main purpose of the stamp actwas to increase funding for the military personnel that was responsible for protectingthe American colonies. In addition to thisthe money was to be used to pay for war debts incurred during the French andIndian wars. The stamp act metwith great resistance from all the colonies and it was still part of the reasonfor the escalation of the revolt. The act was never effectively implementedsince the Americans were not ready to pay for taxes as they claimed withoutrepresentation. THEDECLARATORY ACT: The declaratoryact was an act of the British government in 1766. This act was mainly aimed atregulating the behavior of the colonies. It was because of the formation of thestamp act congress that arose after the imposition of the stamp act. Thiscongress was questioning the legitimacy of a distant power (Great Britain)to tax the American colonies. THEROLE OF JOHN ADAMS: John Adams was thefirst vice president of independent United States and later the secondpresident of the republic. He was a key sponsor of the revolution in Massachusetts. Inaddition to this he was also a key rebel to British rule and a key diplomat. He also negotiated with the Amsterdam market for moneyto wage the American revolutionary war. THETOWNSHEND ACTS: The Townshend actswere some British legislation that were supposed or intended to raiseadditional revenue. They were also intended to increase British authority overthe American colonies. These acts were intended to levy import duties on paper, paint,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], lead, tea and glass. THE BOSTON TEA PARTY: The Boston tea party was an act of protest by Americancivilians in Boston. The act was perpetrated on the Bostonharbor where the American colonists destroyed crates of tea bricks. It was alsoa major driving force for the American Revolution. THEGASPEE AFFAIR: The Gaspee affairwas a situation where the British vessel HMS Gaspee ran into shallow waterswhile chasing a packet boat. American patriots led by Abraham Whipple tookadvantage of the situation and attacked the vessel and stole valuables from theship. CONCLUSION: The attainment ofindependence by the thirteen colonies marked that beginning point of thecrumbling of the British Empire. This wasconsidered by many to be the first loss since it was later to be followed bylosses in other territories including India, the Caribbean, and Africa a century later. REFERENCES: Bailyn, Bernard (1967), theIdeological Origins of the American Revolution, Harvard UniversityPress, Harvard. George B. Tindall (1984), America: a narrative history, Norton, New York.
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